Dementia praecox or the group of schizophrenias. Autism in flux : a history of the concept from Leo Kanner to DSM-5. How autism became autism : the radical transformation of a central concept of child development in Britain. Additionally, parent and Autistic advocates have enriched our knowledge of ASD, and its intersection with individual experiences as well as societal systems. The effects of genetic and environmental influences on ASD have been investigated, and this cumulative knowledge has led to our current view of ASD as a neurobiologic condition. Since the 1980s, clinicians and researchers have explored biologic associations, such as seizure disorders and differences in brain structure and function. In the 1960s–70s, researchers classified children by clusters of quantifiable and observable behaviours, establishing an evidence-informed understanding of ASD. Gradually, ASD was identified as a unique entity among developmental–behavioural presentations, as clinicians stratified children based on age of onset, acuity of presentation and social and family history. Therein researchers and clinicians attributed children’s behaviour to unconscious thought and explored the effect of family and the environment on behaviour. In a medical model, autism was first conceptualized in the early twentieth century within the field of childhood psychosis/schizophrenia, which was itself understood within a framework of psychoanalytical theory. These core features have persisted throughout the evolution of our understanding of the condition. Although Autism (more recently, Autism Spectrum Disorder ASD) has been characterized as a distinct condition only since the 1940s, individuals with features of ASD are found within historical texts, as well as oral histories across regions and cultures.
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